(From Todd Epp, Northern Plains News)
Wildfire smoke from as far away as Canada and the western United States is now a regular health threat in South Dakota and across the Northern Plains.
New research indicates that climate change is exacerbating the issue, increasing the frequency of smoky days and the associated health risks for residents.
Why Should South Dakotans Care?
Smoke from wildfires hundreds of miles away routinely drifts into South Dakota, triggering air quality alerts in cities like Sioux Falls and Rapid City and across rural counties34. Even healthy people can feel the effects —irritated eyes, coughing, and shortness of breath —but the risks are highest for children, seniors, and anyone with asthma or heart disease.
According to a peer-reviewed study published in Nature Communications Earth & Environment, wildfire smoke caused between one and three deaths per 100,000 people each year in South Dakota from 2006 to 2020. That translates to an estimated 130 to 650 deaths statewide over 15 years, with about 13 to 65 of those deaths linked to climate change.
By comparison, Montana and western North Dakota saw even higher per capita death rates, making the Northern Plains a regional hotspot outside the West.
How Does This Impact Daily Life?
When wildfire smoke settles over the state, air quality can quickly become unhealthy for everyone, not just those with existing conditions. The National Weather Service and state health departments have issued repeated warnings urging residents to limit outdoor activity, especially for children and seniors. On “red alert” days, even healthy people are advised to stay indoors and avoid strenuous activity.
Wildfire smoke contains fine particulate matter (PM2.5) that can travel deep into the lungs and bloodstream, increasing the risk of heart attacks, strokes, and worsening chronic respiratory diseases5. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency warns that even short-term exposure can trigger asthma attacks and heart problems, and long-term exposure may lead to premature death.
Economic and Community Costs
The study estimates the nationwide economic cost of climate-driven wildfire smoke deaths at $160 billion over 15 years, with $58 billion in 2020 alone. For South Dakota, this translates to higher healthcare costs, lost workdays, and increased pressure on rural hospitals and clinics.
Tribal communities and rural areas, where healthcare access is already limited, face special challenges. Repeated smoke events can strain local health systems and disrupt daily life, from school sports to farm work.
What’s Next for South Dakota?
Researchers warn that, without action, deaths, and costs associated with wildfire smoke will continue to rise as fire seasons become more prolonged and more intense.
